1 Process flow diagram of sorption/hot CO2 regeneration system, FIG. A heat exchanger (10) is used to further cool combustion gases prior to moisture removal. The total energy input to remove water used to regenerate the absorbent is therefore 434,273 kJ. There is renewed interest in the enhanced oil recovery (EOR). These gas compositions result from the combustion of 9826 SLPM of methane in 96,520 SLPM of air. & Terms of Use. Mass flow meters and controllers were used to adjust and measure the flow rate of the carbon dioxide/nitrogen gas mixture. Emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, if left unchecked, may potentially affect climate conditions.
The heat of absorption as described above would take place in a fully insulated vessel. Next, dry nitrogen was used at a rate of about 88 standard liters per minute to heat the absorbent to desorb water in preparation for the next cycle. Micro-winery systems, Pioneer Energy offers the opportunity for craft brewers to join the ranks of the nation's major breweries in recovering their fermentation CO2, Supplier of: CO2 Recovery Systems, The combustion source exhaust gas (18) is first cooled (8, 10) to condense water (19), which is removed in a separator upstream of a CO2 absorbing vessel (1). Dobbins is a distributor for all major brands of sanitary food and pharma processing equipment. 2. Hot engine exhaust (9) is used to heat sorbent for removal of water that is cooled (15), collected in a reservoir (13), and then in part recovered and recycled (5) as feed to vessel (2) for displacement and recovery of CO2 product (8). At this temperature, water vapor contained in the combustion source exhaust is not further absorbed. and }mHi.m&-Y~-5E?OX,*\~Fbkao[E}#9bWh"lQ6i0G#s|aG"lB#. To cool a 1930 kg sorbent bed from 200 C. to 40 C. requires 330,416 kJ of heat removal, equivalent to 917.8 kW of thermal energy removal. Interest in the recovery of carbon dioxide has increased due to several factors. 1. Results from these subsequent cycles are summarized below. The net effect of water sorption and carbon dioxide desorption results in a temperature rise in the sorbent bed, which reduces the heating requirement in vessel (3). 2 Process flow diagram of sorption/H2O regeneration system, FIG. As a result, there is interest in capturing and sequestering the carbon dioxide produced by combustion systems. The direction of flow was upward to remove the heat quickly and was stopped when the top of the reactor was below 50 C. Also shown in the chart is the volume percent CO2, which shows a small amount of carbon dioxide only within the first 20 seconds indicating nearly complete recovery of CO2 during regeneration. A heat exchanger (8) transfers thermal energy from the exhaust gas (18). The presence of ethane and propane such as in typical natural gas would increase the available heat compared to that described below. A LabView control system was used to control and monitor the system. The temperature of the recirculating CO2 is raised using heat indirectly recovered from the combustion source in a heat exchanger (8). The CO2 and H2O free gas (7) exiting vessel (1) is released to atmosphere. Commercial freezers, Provisional Application No. During this time, CO2 was desorbed from the absorbent in an amount approximating the amount sorbed. Industrial uses include enhanced oil recovery (EOR), welding, chemical feedstock, inert gas, firefighting, and solvent extracting as a supercritical fluid. Pasteurizers,
11, 2014, titled Combustion CO2 Recovery System which is incorporated herein by reference. Minor amounts of excess oxygen and part-per-million levels of combustion byproducts such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides are also present in the exhaust gases. | Because the sorption characteristics for the second method are virtually the same as that for the first method, the enthalpy of CO2 sorption and bed temperature rise are the same. The results (FIGS. FIG. f%Y`V2+ Therefore, the absorbent is free of CO2 and H2O and can be prepared for further sorption by cooling. CO2 (21) is collected from the sorbent regeneration system as a concentrated product. 
Make informed purchasing decisions with verified reviews from business owners like you. After each segment, water collected in the exhaust gas condenser was measured (not all water evolved from the absorbent was collected in the condenser).
In the black is the cumulative percent CO2 fed that is captured by the sorbent bed. Experiment 1: For this experiment carbon dioxide was sorbed onto a molecular sieve at a flow rate of 50 liters per minute with ten percent being carbon dioxide and the remaining being nitrogen. The entire disclosures of all documents cited throughout this application are incorporated herein by reference. The combustion CO2 recovery system operates with continuous gas flow from the engine or turbine, but the flow path is routed as required as each of the four vessels cycles through the absorption (vessel 1), regeneration (vessel 2), water removal (vessel 3), and cooling (vessel 4) steps described herein. Once the absorbent in vessel (1) has attained its target CO2 sorption capacity, it is subjected to regeneration by the addition of H2O as represented in vessel (2). Alternatively, this gas may be used as a recirculating cooling gas (6, 10) in vessel (4) according to the procedures outlined previously. If you already have an account with us, no problem! Many studies and methods have been established to capture carbon dioxide from combustion plants and sources such as flue gas. 
In one embodiment the carbon dioxide source is flue gas. The surge tank (13) assists in achieving pressure control and the appropriate recycle rate. The total available thermal power from cooling the combustion exhaust gas from 600 C. to 300 C. is about 759 kW. After the combustion gas exhausts vessel (3), it is cooled (15) to a temperature preferably below dew point to remove most of the water vapor (by indirect heat exchange and/or active refrigeration). Blast chillers, This is equivalent to 1206 kW of thermal power over the six minute cycle time. Optionally, a desiccant drying bed can be installed after the heat exchanger/cooler and inlet of vessel (1). The cooling air is exhausted (10) to atmosphere. The engine or turbine uses air (17) to combust the fuel (16), resulting in exhaust gas (18) consisting mostly of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Heat input to raise the absorbent temperature from 232 C. to 250 C. is 37,855 kJ. Compressed gases used to comprise simulated combustion source exhaust gases were available from a commercial supplier as well. When vessel (3) reaches a temperature greater than about 250 C., sorbed H2O is removed. Lastly, nitrogen at a flow rate of 100 liters per minute was used to cool the sorption bed, readying it for another cycle. The absorbent in vessel (1) preferentially sorbs CO2 (as well as residual moisture contained in the dried exhaust gas). The process was stopped when the bottom of the reactor reached 200 C. The next chart (FIG. Explore top suppliers for carbon dioxide recovery systems. Commercial refrigerators, The engine or turbine exhaust gas passes through a series of three identical vessels for water removal (3), CO2 sorption (1), and CO2 recovery (2). An infrared CO2 sensor was located on a slipstream off an exhaust flow meter and dry test meter. & Terms of Use. In this method, a four-bed system is employed rather than the three-bed system described above for the first method. 3) shows the results of the sorption process. Terms of Use. 13) and then cooled quickly to ready for another cycle (FIG. FIG. f%Y`V2+ In summary, the thermal analysis for the first method for CO2 capture shows that sufficient energy is available to perform the required hot CO2 regeneration method. A key to the present invention is the effective use of thermal energy contained in the hot CO2-containing exhaust gas to regenerate the absorbent by removal of CO2 in preparation for a subsequent absorption step. Such power systems could utilize fuel combustion, nuclear power, solar power, wind power, tidal power, hydroelectric power, or geothermal power, among others. The gas composition sensor and gas chromatograph used for calculations were also commercially available. It increases linearly until around the six minute mark and then starts leveling off In general, it is preferred to regenerate in the opposite direction of flow used for sorption, but it is not critical to the invention. CIP systems, For the example case described here, an amount of water equal to twice the ideal one molecule of water per molecule of carbon dioxide is injected as steam. CO2 Recovery Systems, Note that any CO2 not captured in vessel (1) has an opportunity to be captured in vessel (3) prior to venting to the atmosphere. All rights reserved. This is used for solid/liquid or liquid/liquid separation. Key components include a CO2 sorption vessel (1), a CO2 recovery vessel (2), a water removal vessel (3), and a cooling vessel (4). The dry nitrogen was introduced at about 500 C. during four separate two minute segments. Roughly similar results would be obtained with natural gas or other hydrocarbon fuels. Therefore, the starting condition before regeneration by water injection for the second method is the same as that for the first method using hot, recirculating CO2. CO2 released from the absorbent was directly measured upon water addition, and the absorbent was regenerated as evidenced by its ability to sorb CO2 during subsequent experiments. This is a member-only area. In practice, more water may be needed (two, three, or more times the ideal amount) if the water is sorbed on unoccupied absorbent sites before it displaces sorbed carbon dioxide. The flow to the infrared sensor was controlled using a rotameters set to 0.5 liters per minute. Welders, Supplier of: XpVGmkm o]RJyTgu(idA:+!WA%!C^$(mbr~%d89xt1)TxI{G- l2iBIvp&dE$m/!#g>M?S{nH-|`'R+`'ex!v5%v5?slACG__Z6%DD#YZ/I/|n!L 7,hu#:g9I~H' `;
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The ideal case would require a ratio of 18 grams of water per 44 grams of carbon dioxide to be released. and and The gas can be changed by switching valves as we have done for these initial experiments, or the sorbent bed can be moved between vessels. 2004-2022 FreePatentsOnline.com. The gas composition sensor and gas chromatograph used for calculations were also commercially available. Following the procedures outlined above, dry ambient temperature nitrogen was used to cool the absorbent in preparation for another CO2 sorption cycle. Because the efficiency of water injected into the bed is not perfect, some excess is required. Steam was found to be preferred over liquid water due to improved dispersion in the absorbent bed. Experiment 3: For an optimized process, the regeneration and cooling steps would ideally match the time cycle of the sorption step. This application claims the benefit of U.S. )\6B}44Sc^&czb^kgs>Eo)wR,O^^1=Mc_c('S?YX.CNs The following procedures may be employed for the recovery of carbon dioxide from internal combustion engines or gas turbines used as described in the present invention. %PDF-1.6
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The air can be introduced as a one-pass flow or as a recirculating flow with cooling after each pass. Note that further chilling of the recirculating gas will reduce the recycling gas rate. 13 Experiment 4: Regeneration Results, FIG.
information below. This flow rate is a good match for indirect heat exchange against the wet exhaust gas rate of 103,413 SLPM. Reactor system set-up: To simulate the entire system, dry carbon dioxide blended with nitrogen from pressurized cylinders was used instead of combustion source exhaust. hb``f``e`a`b@qyA S^ Y.
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The dimension of the cylindrical reactor was ten inches tall by three inches diameter. Shown in the chart are the temperature profile above the reactor, at the top, middle and bottom of the reactor, and below the reactor. H2O (5) is added in the form of steam or liquid water to displace CO2. sustainability@sloan.mit.edu, Invitation to become Summer internship hosts, Early access to research and new tools by SI. 2 illustrates the sorption of CO2 and the subsequent recovery of nearly pure CO2 using a water or steam regeneration method. Centrifuges, Micro Matic USAn Factor Rep Ms. Loucretia Woosley 2364 Simon Court Brooksville, FL 34604 Ph: 352-727-1651 Email: law@micro-matic.com Drafting Solutions from Keg to Glass. The CO2 released upon H2O addition is nearly pure, with only small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and other trace gases present from interstitial spaces between sorbent particles or released from sorbent upon water addition. Next, the CO2 depleted exhaust gas from the CO2 absorber vessel is cooled and directed to the cooling vessel (3), as described later below. You need to be a member of SHIFT to leave a review. However, approximately 80 percent of the water injected as steam was recovered as condensate in this experiment. Operating cycle times for absorption, regeneration, and cooling are identical so that the engine or turbine exhaust gases are always directed to the vessel in CO2 sorption mode. If such combustion gas exhaust at 1600 C. were cooled by transfer of heat to the absorbent bed to 300 C., sufficient heat would be generated to satisfy the thermal energy requirements for the H2O regeneration procedure. Experiment 5: For this experiment carbon dioxide was sorbed onto a molecular sieve at a flow rate of 50 liters per minute. The CO2 absorbing vessel (1) selectively separates CO2 from N2. The total energy over a six minute cycle time is equivalent to 919 kW of thermal power requirement. H\@}&=4hRbzO}~M! Transfer pumps, National Refrigeration Products (NRP), located in Langhorne, PA, is a leading manufacturer of refrigerant recovery and recycling equipment, including small portable units and large industrial/commercial machines. CO2 Recovery Systems, Supplier of: As a basis for a thermal analysis, a three-bed system such as that depicted in FIG. 2 to evaporate H2O that was used to remove CO2 that was previously sorbed in vessel (2). 
This chart shows the volume percent carbon dioxide in the exhaust taking into account the amount of CO2 used to regenerate the sorbent bed. CO2 Recovery Systems, There is 100 percent captured for the first six minutes at which time the carbon dioxide begins to breakthrough and can be detected by the infrared sensor. However, in a larger vessel such as that containing 1930 kg of sorbent, heat losses would be substantially lower and the resulting temperature rise from absorption would be closer to the adiabatic value. The CO2 recovery system operates with continuous gas flow (18) from the combustion source, but the flow path is routed as required as each of the three vessels cycles through the sorption (1), regeneration (2), and cooling (3) steps described herein. With continued use of fossil fuels, capturing carbon dioxide emissions directly from the source of combustion could reduce its effect on our planet and its inhabitants. This would bring the absorbent temperature from 97 C. to 232 C. The next step after regeneration of CO2 by H2O is to remove the water used to displace CO2 from the absorbent. will contact you: Contact us with any questions at: Alternatively, some of the exhaust gas heat can be stored in a heat storage medium prior to transfer to the recirculating CO2 stream. The CO2 depleted gas exhausting from sorption vessel (1) is cooled and directed through the cooling vessel (3). hbbd``b`z$Ao "HX] bHH $a"lA H"O(8$"$jI\L@#O (^
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1 uses a conventional stationary internal combustion engine (4), gas turbine (5), other combustion system, or other type of CO2 emitter operating on a wide range of gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels is used to power an electrical generator (6) to generate electrical power (7) or is used for other purposes. In one embodiment for recovering carbon dioxide, the method shown in FIG. Hot carbon dioxide is used to heat the sorbent in vessel (2) to recover carbon dioxide sorbed from the combustion source exhaust. The cooling gas flow direction is ideally opposite that used for regeneration, although this is not critical to the overall results obtained.
Members gain access to exclusive content by the Sustainability Initiative. The procedures and results for the CO2 sorption were similar to those for Experiment 1 of the First Method described above. The calculation assumes an absorbent heat capacity of 1.07 kJ/kg-C. In addition, carbon dioxide is the leading cause of global warming and its reduction in the air is important to reducing greenhouse gas effects on water levels and global temperatures.
The CO2 sensor was used to verify the sorption inlet and exhaust gas compositions from the sorption, regeneration, and cooling steps. Water condensed and cooled from combustion gas (19) is removed from the system. 9) stayed at 50 liters per minute but the regeneration (FIG. One stainless steel reactor was used for three steps consisting of sorption, regeneration, and cooling by switching valves between each step. Another blower (15) is used to recycle CO2-rich gas recycled to vessel (2) for the purpose of hot CO2 gas recovery and sorbent regeneration. After CO2 sorption in the first vessel, the absorption vessel (1) is configured to be operated as a regenerator vessel (2). A flow rate of 500,000 standard cubic feet per day (SCFD), or 14,158,000 standard liters per day (SLPD), or 9832 standard liters per minute (SLPM), or 19.3 kilograms per minute of CO2 produced from a combustion source was used for the thermal analysis presented below. The dark grey shows the mass percent loading of CO2 on the molecular sieve during the sorption process. 10) and cooling (FIG. 1 would be used. During regeneration of CO2 by H2O, heat will be generated by H2O sorption onto the sorbent. Therefore, some supplemental heating energy input would be required to fully remove water from the absorbent under this example condition. The final step in the first method includes cooling of the absorbent bed after regeneration by hot CO2. After absorption of CO2, the absorbent is heated in a recirculating flow of CO2 such that the temperature of the absorbent can be increased from approximately 97 C. to about 200C, at which temperature CO2 is released from the absorbent. Sterilizing equipment, Supplier of: The combustion exhaust gas cooled in such a manner minimizes additional cooling required for removal of water vapor prior to the CO2 sorption step. 62/011,002 filed Jun. 6, 7 and 8) confirmed that carbon dioxide can continually be sorbed during multiple cycles. The surge tank (9) assists in pressure control and making the appropriate recycle rate for the cooling step. Mass flow meters and controllers were used to adjust and measure the flow rate of the carbon dioxide/nitrogen gas mixture. The commercial CO2 market is thriving. The dimension of the cylindrical reactor was ten inches tall by three inches diameter. In one embodiment the molecular sieve bed is cooled after regeneration using the nitrogen-rich and CO2-poor gas remainder exiting from the sorption bed. After displacing nitrogen present in interstitial spaces between absorbent particles, the exhaust gas contained 100 percent CO2. =BOS)N)kMf=z Ae Sorption of CO2 results in a temperature rise in vessel (1). FIG. Optimization of the absorbent selection, vessel configuration, cycle time, and other parameters would likely lead to reduced supplemental thermal energy input requirements for the H2O regeneration method. A blower (14) is used to recycle cooled nitrogen-rich gas to cool sorbent in vessel (3). Experiment 4: The final experiment for this method repeats the previous experiment to demonstrate the ability of regenerating the sorbent bed after sorption for multiple cycles. The second chart (FIG. In one embodiment a supply of CO2 used to regenerate said molecular sieve is stored in a surge tank, and drawn from a source including but not limited to the combustion source exhaust. Again, the results show that the sorbent bed can capture the carbon dioxide (FIG. The second method is described here by following the flow path of combustion source exhaust through the four-bed system. It should be noted that a similar amount of supplemental heating would be required if only the theoretical amount of H2O were used to displace CO2 (rather than the twice theoretical amount used in the above example). A LabView control system was used to control and monitor the system. Compressed gases used to comprise simulated combustion source exhaust gases were available from a commercial supplier as well. ,aHxtL'!` endstream endobj 151 0 obj <>stream Glycol chillers, Tap handles, For this temperature rise to occur in the 6 minute cycle time, a total energy input of 330,874 kJ is required (118,169 kJ to release sorbed CO2 and 212,705 kJ to heat the absorbent particles). Privacy Policy By heating the sorbent to a sufficient temperature (greater than about 200 C.), the sorbed CO2 in vessel (2) is released and collected in nearly pure gaseous form. Mash tuns, After removing water, the resulting dry exhaust gas would contain 11.73 volume % CO2 and 88.27 volume % N2. During absorption of the dry exhaust gas as described above, heat is generated such that if the starting temperature of the absorbent bed were 40 C., the average temperature would be 97 C. after absorbing CO2 in an amount of 6 percent by weight of absorbed CO2. 11) flow rates were increased to approximately 130 liters per minute which more closely matched the cycle time of the regeneration process. 10 Experiment 3: Regeneration Results, FIG. Under these regulations, it may not be possible to operate coal fired power plants at all unless a substantial fraction of their carbon dioxide emissions can be captured. Surge tanks (9) and (13) are used to facilitate system pressure control for recycled gases. A novel method of capturing carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust on an absorbent and then regenerating the absorbent for recovery, storage, use, or sequestration of concentrated carbon dioxide is described in another embodiment. Reactor system set-up: To simulate the entire system, dry carbon dioxide blended with nitrogen from pressurized cylinders was used instead of combustion source exhaust. Minor amounts of excess oxygen and part-per-million levels of combustion byproducts such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides are also present in the exhaust gases. This temperature is calculated from the adiabatic temperature rise of sorbent resulting from the release of 44.9 kiloJoules (kJ) of energy per mole (44 grams) of CO2 sorbed. An infrared CO2 sensor was located on a slipstream off an exhaust flow meter and dry test meter. For the regeneration process, pre-heated carbon dioxide at a flow rate of 100 liters per minute was then used to remove the sorbed carbon dioxide from the sorption bed. Typical molecular sieves, activated carbons, and other CO2 absorbents can be regenerated thermally (as in the first method above). and Assuming stoichiometric combustion of methane fuel in air, a resulting gas mixture would contain 9.50 volume % CO2, 19.00 volume % H2O, and 71.49 volume % Nz. 12) and then can be regenerated with pre-heated carbon dioxide (FIG. One stainless steel reactor was used for the four steps consisting of sorption, regeneration by water addition, water removal, and cooling by switching valves between each step. Ideally, one molecule of water will displace one molecule of carbon dioxide, resulting in the requirement that 18 grams of water will displace 44 grams of carbon dioxide. Because the combustion source exhaust temperature is greater than 400 C. and as much as 600 C. or more, the recirculating CO2 gas stream can be used to heat the sorbent bed (2) to the desired temperature of greater than 200 C. A recycle blower (15) is used to recirculate the CO2 used for regeneration at a rate that achieves the desired sorbent bed (2) temperature rise in a time period matching that used for CO2 sorption in vessel (1). The operating cycle time is not critical to the invention, but is selected on the basis of the exhaust gas composition and flow rate with consideration for minimizing vessel sizes. Insulation covered the entire reactor. 4) shows the results of the regeneration process. Supplier of: The heat input to desorb water from the absorbent is 396,688 kJ. Remaining water is discharged from the system (14). Experiment 2: To confirm that the molecular sieve adsorption capacity was not affected and was freed up during the regeneration process, the previous experiment was repeated. After desorption of the CO2 (2), the sorbent bed (3) is cooled as depicted in vessel (3) with a flow of dry nitrogen. Pioneer Energys CO2 Craft Brewery Recovery System can recapture about five tons of carbon dioxide per month, enough for a brewery that generates up to about 60,000 barrels per year, and units can be stacked to increase that capacity. For simplicity, the combustion source was considered to be pure methane. A set of valves sequentially changes the combustion gas flow path so that each of the three vessels operates in sorption, CO2 regeneration, and cooling modes. f%k5r\c!k5{hr\c6ri{3f7GoN~w;N~w;N~@V9+e:d Browse suppliers listings, read reviews, and view product catalogs, Get answers from knowledgable peers in your business community, Store and organize all your supplier conversations, quotes, and invoices in one convenient place. For example, methane fuel burned in air at an amount representing about 10 percent of the primary fuel could be used to generate the required supplemental heat.
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